{"jurisdiction": "us-ny", "code": "cplr", "section": "4318", "citation": "CPLR § 4318", "heading": "Conduct of trial", "text": ["§ 4318. Conduct of trial. Unless otherwise specified in the order of reference, the referee shall conduct the trial in the same manner as a court trying an issue without a jury. The provisions of article forty-four applicable to trial by the court shall apply to a reference pursuant to this article."], "official_source": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVP/4318", "from_official_api": true, "plain_english": "Unless the order says otherwise, the referee runs the trial **just like a judge trying a case without a jury.** **Article 44's** court-trial rules apply. ★", "retrieved": "2026-09-27", "url": "https://elyphived.com/us-ny/cplr/4318", "publisher": "Elyphived LLC"}