{"jurisdiction": "us-ny", "code": "penal", "section": "177.30", "citation": "Penal Law § 177.30", "heading": "Health care fraud; affirmative defense", "text": ["§ 177.30 Health care fraud; affirmative defense.", "In any prosecution under this article, it shall be an affirmative defense that the defendant was a clerk, bookkeeper or other employee, other than an employee charged with the active management and control, in an executive capacity, of the affairs of the corporation, who, without personal benefit, merely executed the orders of his or her employer or of a superior employee generally authorized to direct his or her activities."], "official_source": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/PEN/177.30", "from_official_api": true, "plain_english": "A defendant has an **affirmative defense** to a health-care-fraud charge if the defendant was a **clerk, bookkeeper, or other nonexecutive employee without active management and control** who **received no personal benefit and merely followed an employer’s or authorized superior’s orders**. ★", "in_force_on": "2026-05-31", "retrieved": "2026-09-27", "url": "https://elyphived.com/us-ny/penal/177.30", "publisher": "Elyphived LLC"}